Silver

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= Table of Contents  =

Fun Facts
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= Introduction to Silver  =

Silver, one of the world’s more common elements, has been in use for centuries. It began as a means of currency- for coinage, and has evolved into much more. A process called “ore” rids the element of impurities that are found with the element naturally in the earth. This is useful in getting the pure substance. Silver is unique because it has so many functions- application in jewelry, medicine, electronics, mirrors, as well as many more.

= History of Silver:  = = = Silver dates back as early as 3000 B.C. to the early Greeks and Turks. Most of the silver came from the Turkish region. After the Minoan civilization was destroyed, Greece became a major producer of silver. Other major silver mines were found in Sardinia and parts of Asia. Through trade, silver, in high demand, reached other parts of the world. Especially in ancient Rome, silver was used for coins. The greatest turning point in silver, however, was in 1492, when the huge silver mines were discovered in Mexico. This brought a lot more silver to the Americas. As North America was becoming an industrial superpower in the late 1800s, technology increased drastically in methods of extracting silver from the earth. These new forms of mining helped the U.S. increase its production of silver-based materials. Since then, technology has continued to improve and uses for silver have broadened. ([])

= Economics:  =

Silver is very economically important for many reasons. The first is that a portion of our currency was based off of silver and it is still a “precious” metal such as gold and can be bought in bars and is still used to mint coins. It also has great value in the fashion market/ jewelry industry, and it a common metal used for earrings, rings, and necklaces and is worn as a fashion item. Interestingly enough silver also can be used as a disinfectant and can kill most bacteria; so some companies/scientist can use it to sterilize their products or even use it in small amounts to clean drinking water! Silver also plays a key role I photography and is a sought out item for silverware. Did you know that 95% of annual silver consumption goes to the three industries of: industrial uses, jewelry and silverware, and photography. Silver is now being offered even to be bought as an investment oppourtunity: media type="youtube" key="PqFpl31UwPI?fs=1" height="385" width="480"

= Silver and the Environment = The areas known to be prolific in silver are Mexico, Bolivia, and Honduras. It is found within the earth, naturally in crystal formations. Usually, however, it is the byproduct of other refined metals. Occasionally it can be found in areas abundant in minerals. Silver in its natural form is not considered toxic to the environment, although it can be harmful to aquatic life. It can interfere with their sodium and potassium levels, ultimately leading to cardiovascular collapse. Not a lot of information is known about other effects of silver on water creatures; scientists are looking closely in how fish are affected by chronic intake of silver in small increments.  ( ).

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= Health:  = Silver plays a very key role in human medicine. It has many medicinal uses which go back for centuries, even back to the Egyptians referencing to it in their writings ; and its uses for medicine were not favored for a while, although In the early 1800s, doctors used silver sutures in surgical wounds with very successful results. In addition silver can be used to treat burns and to keep them from becoming infected. For more common day examples, silver nitrate can be used to prevent the eye condition conjunctivitis in newborn babies and to treat certain skin conditions, such as corns and warts. Silver is applied to the body externally. Although silver is a double edged sword and there are some side effects to using silver for medicinal purposes; upon in-depth research there are a few critics out there which state that Colloidal silver destroys internal organs and also colloidal silver will turn you blue/gray. Although in the end those two statements are not proven to be true or false.

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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 180%;">Overview: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Name: Silver <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Symbol: Ag <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> Atomic Number: 47 <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> Atomic Weight: 107.8628 <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> Density: 10.49 g/cm3 <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> Melting Point: 961.78 Degrees (C) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"> Boiling Point: 2162 Degrees (C) <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> Electron Configuration of Silver: **Kr 4d10 5s1** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Silver has the following isotopes <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Known Isotopes: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> ﻿Stable Isotopes: <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> 107 Ag: 51.839% <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal;"> 109 Ag: 48.161% <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">[|93] [|Ag], [|94] [|Ag] , [|95] [|Ag] , [|96] [|Ag] ,[|97] [|Ag] , [|98] [|Ag] , [|99] [|Ag] , [|100] [|Ag] ,[|101] [|Ag] , [|102] [|Ag] , [|103] [|Ag] , [|104] [|Ag] ,[|105] [|Ag] , [|106] [|Ag] , [|107] [|Ag] , [|108] [|Ag] ,[|109] [|Ag] , [|110] [|Ag] , [|111] [|Ag] , [|112] [|Ag] ,[|113] [|Ag] , [|114] [|Ag] , [|115] [|Ag] , [|116] [|Ag] ,[|117] [|Ag] , [|118] [|Ag] , [|119] [|Ag] , [|120] [|Ag] ,[|121] [|Ag] , [|122] [|Ag] , [|123] [|Ag] , [|124] [|Ag] ,[|125] [|Ag] , [|126] [|Ag] , [|127] [|Ag] , [|128] [|Ag] ,[|129] [|Ag] ,[|130] [|Ag] ||
 * || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">[|107] [|Ag], [|109] [|Ag]  ||   ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Isotopic Abundances: <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;"> ||

Thermal Properties: <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"> ** <span style="display: inline !important; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ë <span style="display: inline !important; text-indent: -0.25in;">﻿At Room Temperature: Solid ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Melting Point: 961.78 Degrees (C) <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Boiling Point: 2162 Degrees (C) <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Absolute Melting Point: 1234.93 K <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Absolute Boiling Point: 2435 K <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Heat of Fusion: 11.3 kJ/mole <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Heat of Vaporization: 255 kJ/mole <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Specific Heat: 235 J <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Ë Thermal Conductivity: 430W <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-family: Wingdings; text-indent: -0.25in;">Ë <span style="display: inline !important; text-indent: -0.25in;">Thermal Expansion: 0.0000189 K-1 <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; 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Fun Facts:   v That the Greeks and Romans would store wine and water and other liquids in silver containers to prevent spoilage? <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="color: black; display: inline !important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> = <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> v In the Middle Ages, silverware protected the wealthy from the full brunt of the plague. **<span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> v The Chinese emperors and their courts ate with silver chopsticks. <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> **<span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> **<span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> = ** ** <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;">

Bibliography= <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> **<span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> China Encourages Silver Bullion for Investment. 2009. Online Video. ** <span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> **<span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> "Colloidal Silver Products [NCCAM Backgrounder]." National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [NCCAM] - Nccam.nih.gov Home Page. May 2004. Web. 06 Jan. 2011. <http://nccam.nih.gov/health/silver/#key>. ** **<span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> "History of Silver." The Silver Institute. Web. 2 Jan. 2011. <http://www.silverinstitute.org/>. **


 * <span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> History of The Health Support Uses of Silver | Purest Colloids." Colloidal Silver | Colloidal Minerals | Purest Colloids. Purest Colloids. Web. 06 Jan. 2011. <http://www.purestcolloids.com/history-silver.php>. **


 * <span style="display: inline! important; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="display: inline !important; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"> Silver." Dartmouth College. 1 May 2009. Web. 06 Jan. 2011. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~toxmetal/metals/questions/silver.html>. **

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